Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR

A. H. Patil; S. Yatawatta; L. V.E. Koopmans; A. G.De Bruyn; M. A. Brentjens; S. Zaroubi; K. M.B. Asad; M. Hatef; V. Jelić; M. Mevius; A. R. Offringa; V. N. Pandey; H. Vedantham; F. B. Abdalla; W. N. Brouw; E. Chapman; B. Ciardi; B. K. Gehlot; A. Ghosh; G. Harker; I. T. Iliev; K. Kakiichi; S. Majumdar; G. Mellema; M. B. Silva; J. Schaye; D. Vrbanec; S. J. Wijnholds

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7

Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR

A. H. Patil, S. Yatawatta, L. V.E. Koopmans, A. G.De Bruyn, M. A. Brentjens, S. Zaroubi, K. M.B. Asad, M. Hatef, V. Jelić, M. Mevius, A. R. Offringa, V. N. Pandey, H. Vedantham, F. B. Abdalla, W. N. Brouw, E. Chapman, B. Ciardi, B. K. Gehlot, A. Ghosh, G. HarkerI. T. Iliev, K. Kakiichi, S. Majumdar, G. Mellema, M. B. Silva, J. Schaye, D. Vrbanec, S. J. Wijnholds

פיסיקה

פרסום מחקרי: פרסום בכתב עת › מאמר › ביקורת עמיתים

תקציר

We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm H i power spectra, in the redshift range z = 7.9-10.6, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total, 13.0 hr of data were used from observations centered on the North Celestial Pole. After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero δ² ₁ = (56 ± 13 mK)²(1-σ) excess variance and a best 2-σ upper limit of δ² ₂₁ <(79.6 mK)²at k = 0.053 h cMpc^-1 in the range z = 9.6-10.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to nonlinear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications.

שפה מקורית	אנגלית
מספר המאמר	65
כתב עת	Astrophysical Journal
כרך	838
מספר גיליון	1
מזהי עצם דיגיטלי (DOIs)	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7
סטטוס פרסום	פורסם - 20 מרץ 2017

הערה ביבליוגרפית

Publisher Copyright:
© 2017. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

גישה למסמך

10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7

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Link to publication in Scopus

פורמט ציטוט ביבליוגרפי

Patil, A. H., Yatawatta, S., Koopmans, L. V. E., Bruyn, A. G. D., Brentjens, M. A., Zaroubi, S., Asad, K. M. B., Hatef, M., Jelić, V., Mevius, M., Offringa, A. R., Pandey, V. N., Vedantham, H., Abdalla, F. B., Brouw, W. N., Chapman, E., Ciardi, B., Gehlot, B. K., Ghosh, A., ... Wijnholds, S. J. (2017). Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR. Astrophysical Journal, 838(1), המאמר 65. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7

@article{51b16baad57d411f916d32a00171a5bf,

title = "Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR",

abstract = "We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm H i power spectra, in the redshift range z = 7.9-10.6, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total, 13.0 hr of data were used from observations centered on the North Celestial Pole. After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero δ2 1 = (56 ± 13 mK)2(1-σ) excess variance and a best 2-σ upper limit of δ2 21 <(79.6 mK)2at k = 0.053 h cMpc-1 in the range z = 9.6-10.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to nonlinear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications.",

keywords = "dark ages, first stars, reionization",

author = "Patil, {A. H.} and S. Yatawatta and Koopmans, {L. V.E.} and Bruyn, {A. G.De} and Brentjens, {M. A.} and S. Zaroubi and Asad, {K. M.B.} and M. Hatef and V. Jeli{\'c} and M. Mevius and Offringa, {A. R.} and Pandey, {V. N.} and H. Vedantham and Abdalla, {F. B.} and Brouw, {W. N.} and E. Chapman and B. Ciardi and Gehlot, {B. K.} and A. Ghosh and G. Harker and Iliev, {I. T.} and K. Kakiichi and S. Majumdar and G. Mellema and Silva, {M. B.} and J. Schaye and D. Vrbanec and Wijnholds, {S. J.}",

year = "2017",

month = mar,

day = "20",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7",

language = "אנגלית",

volume = "838",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "1",

}

Patil, AH, Yatawatta, S, Koopmans, LVE, Bruyn, AGD, Brentjens, MA, Zaroubi, S, Asad, KMB, Hatef, M, Jelić, V, Mevius, M, Offringa, AR, Pandey, VN, Vedantham, H, Abdalla, FB, Brouw, WN, Chapman, E, Ciardi, B, Gehlot, BK, Ghosh, A, Harker, G, Iliev, IT, Kakiichi, K, Majumdar, S, Mellema, G, Silva, MB, Schaye, J, Vrbanec, D & Wijnholds, SJ 2017, 'Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR', Astrophysical Journal, כרך 838, מס' 1, 65. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa63e7

TY - JOUR

T1 - Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR

AU - Patil, A. H.

AU - Yatawatta, S.

AU - Koopmans, L. V.E.

AU - Bruyn, A. G.De

AU - Brentjens, M. A.

AU - Zaroubi, S.

AU - Asad, K. M.B.

AU - Hatef, M.

AU - Jelić, V.

AU - Mevius, M.

AU - Offringa, A. R.

AU - Pandey, V. N.

AU - Vedantham, H.

AU - Abdalla, F. B.

AU - Brouw, W. N.

AU - Chapman, E.

AU - Ciardi, B.

AU - Gehlot, B. K.

AU - Ghosh, A.

AU - Harker, G.

AU - Iliev, I. T.

AU - Kakiichi, K.

AU - Majumdar, S.

AU - Mellema, G.

AU - Silva, M. B.

AU - Schaye, J.

AU - Vrbanec, D.

AU - Wijnholds, S. J.

PY - 2017/3/20

Y1 - 2017/3/20

N2 - We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm H i power spectra, in the redshift range z = 7.9-10.6, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total, 13.0 hr of data were used from observations centered on the North Celestial Pole. After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero δ2 1 = (56 ± 13 mK)2(1-σ) excess variance and a best 2-σ upper limit of δ2 21 <(79.6 mK)2at k = 0.053 h cMpc-1 in the range z = 9.6-10.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to nonlinear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications.

AB - We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm H i power spectra, in the redshift range z = 7.9-10.6, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total, 13.0 hr of data were used from observations centered on the North Celestial Pole. After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero δ2 1 = (56 ± 13 mK)2(1-σ) excess variance and a best 2-σ upper limit of δ2 21 <(79.6 mK)2at k = 0.053 h cMpc-1 in the range z = 9.6-10.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to nonlinear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications.

KW - dark ages

KW - first stars

KW - reionization

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AN - SCOPUS:85016721889

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 838

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 65

ER -

Upper Limits on the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum from One Night with LOFAR

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