Abstract
Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is vital for developing machine learning based models for critical safety systems. Common approaches for OOD detection assume access to some OOD samples during training which may not be available in a real-life scenario. Instead, we utilize the predictive normalized maximum likelihood (pNML) learner, in which no assumptions are made on the tested input. We derive an explicit expression of the pNML and its generalization error, denoted as the regret, for a single layer neural network (NN). We show that this learner generalizes well when (i) the test vector resides in a subspace spanned by the eigenvectors associated with the large eigenvalues of the empirical correlation matrix of the training data, or (ii) the test sample is far from the decision boundary. Furthermore, we describe how to efficiently apply the derived pNML regret to any pretrained deep NN, by employing the explicit pNML for the last layer, followed by the softmax function. Applying the derived regret to deep NN requires neither additional tunable parameters nor extra data. We extensively evaluate our approach on 74 OOD detection benchmarks using DenseNet-100, ResNet-34, and WideResNet- 40 models trained with CIFAR-100, CIFAR-10, SVHN, and ImageNet-30 showing a significant improvement of up to 15.6% over recent leading methods.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 - 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2021 |
Editors | Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Alina Beygelzimer, Yann Dauphin, Percy S. Liang, Jenn Wortman Vaughan |
Publisher | Neural information processing systems foundation |
Pages | 1179-1191 |
Number of pages | 13 |
ISBN (Electronic) | 9781713845393 |
State | Published - 2021 |
Externally published | Yes |
Event | 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2021 - Virtual, Online Duration: 6 Dec 2021 → 14 Dec 2021 |
Publication series
Name | Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems |
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Volume | 2 |
ISSN (Print) | 1049-5258 |
Conference
Conference | 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2021 |
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City | Virtual, Online |
Period | 6/12/21 → 14/12/21 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2021 Neural information processing systems foundation. All rights reserved.